It owed its innovations to the social and economic instability occasioned by the Great Depression, which galvanized the organized crime subculture in the United States. Though mob films had their roots in such silent films, the genre in its most durable form was defined in the early 1930s. Critics have also cited Regeneration (1915) as an early crime film. Griffith directed The Musketeers of Pig Alley, a short drama film about crime on the streets of New York City (filmed, however, at Fort Lee, New Jersey) rumored to have included real gangsters as extras. The American movie The Black Hand (1906) is thought to be the earliest surviving gangster film.
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